explain xkcd - User contributions [en]

3047: Rotary Tool

2025-02-05T19:37:48Z

172.68.245.206: /* Explanation */

{{comic
| number = 3047
| date = February 5, 2025
| title = Rotary Tool
| image = rotary_tool_2x.png
| imagesize = 528x468px
| noexpand = true
| titletext = It was great until my thumb slipped and I accidentally launched my telescope into the air at Mach 8.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Created by a NEWLY LAUNCHED ORBITAL TELESCOPE BOT. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

The comic depicts a handheld tool with a slider that allows the user to select various speed settings. Presumably the tool has a rotating part at one end, similar to a handheld drill or electric screwdriver.

Some of these speeds, like the ones corresponding to normal drills and screwdrivers, are sensible. The others, referencing other things that rotate (like clock hands and dentist drills), are either impractically slow for any conceivable use, or so fast that they would surely injure the user or damage the tool. The precession setting refers to the {{w|precession of the equinoxes}}, which happens on a 26,000-year cycle that corresponds to the RPM rate shown. The average person does not need to adjust their telescope for such minor shifts, certainly not on a regular basis.{{cn}} This may be beneficial for scientists making precise measurements but they would have more powerful and dedicated tools to this end. For commercial use by the public, this would not be remotely necessary.

The latter case is referenced in the title text, as the user's finger slipped and accidentally changed the tool to a higher speed setting while attempting to use the "sidereal telescope mount" option with an actual telescope, lauching it into the air at a {{w|hypersonic speed}}.

Note: The 72 rpm number for a record player is likely in error. The most popular record formats were 33, 45 and '''78''' rpm.

The speeds labeled "record player" are intended to correspond to standard rotational speeds of {{w|Phonograph record|phonograph records}}. The intended playback speed standardized at 78 rpm (not 72 rpm as depicted in the comic) in the 1920s, with a diameter of 10 inches. The speed and size, as well as the required width of the groove encoding the music, dictated a playing time of about 3 1/2 minutes per side. Beginning in the late 1940s, records designed to be played back at 33 1/3 rpm (close enough to the 33 rpm in the comic) were produced, to allow longer play times (hence the LP designation, for "long play") on similar-sized records, which standardized on a 12 inch diameter. This was commonly used to release an "album" of songs, totaling about 22 minutes per side. Concurrently, an alternate format, 7 inch diameter records designed to be played at 45 rpm, was produced, allowing about 5 minutes per side. This was often used to release "singles" (a single song on each side of the record). The 33 1/3 and 45 rpm playback speeds supplanted 78 rpm, and remain the standards today.

==Transcript==
{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

:Multi-function rotary tool

:[A slider on the side of a tool with various settings.]
:Speed (rpm) Function
:0.000000000073: Sidereal mount precession adapter
:0.00070: Sidereal telescope mount
:[Following three are labeled "clock hands":]
:0.0014: h
:0.017: m
:1: s
:[Following three are labeled "record player":]
:33: 33
:45: 45
:72: 72
:300: Screwdriver [Current setting]
:1500: Drill
:2500: Airplane propeller
:35 000: Dremel
:60 000: Uranium enrichment centrifuge
:300 000: Dental drill

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Telescopes]]

3047: Rotary Tool

2025-02-05T19:36:22Z

172.68.245.206:

{{comic
| number = 3047
| date = February 5, 2025
| title = Rotary Tool
| image = rotary_tool_2x.png
| imagesize = 528x468px
| noexpand = true
| titletext = It was great until my thumb slipped and I accidentally launched my telescope into the air at Mach 8.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Created by a NEWLY LAUNCHED ORBITAL TELESCOPE BOT. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

The comic depicts a handheld tool with a slider that allows the user to select various speed settings. Presumably the tool has a rotating part at one end, similar to a handheld drill or electric screwdriver.

Some of these speeds, like the ones corresponding to normal drills and screwdrivers, are sensible. The others, referencing other things that rotate (like clock hands and dentist drills), are either impractically slow for any conceivable use, or so fast that they would surely injure the user or damage the tool. The precession setting refers to the {{w|precession of the equinoxes}}, which happens on a 26,000-year cycle that corresponds to the RPM rate shown. The average person does not need to adjust their telescope for such minor shifts, certainly not on a regular basis.{{cn}} This may be beneficial for scientists making precise measurements but they would have more powerful and dedicated tools to this end. For commercial use by the public, this would not be remotely necessary.

The latter case is referenced in the title text, as the user's finger slipped and accidentally changed the tool to a higher speed setting while attempting to use the "sidereal telescope mount" option with an actual telescope, lauching it into the air at a {{w|hypersonic speed}}.

Note: The 72 rpm number for a record player is likely in error. The most popular record formats were 33, 45 and '''78''' rpm.

The speeds labeled "record player" are intended to correspond to standard rotational speeds of {{w|Phonograph record|phonograph records}}. The intended playback speed standardized at 78 rpm (not 72 rpm as depicted in the comic) in the 1920s, with a diameter of 10 inches. The speed and size, as well as the required width of the groove encoding the music, dictated a playing time of about 3 1/2 minutes per side. Beginning in the late 1940s, records designed to be played back at 33 1/3 rpm (close enough to the 33 rpm in the comic) were produced, to allow longer play times (hence the LP designation, for "long play") on similar-sized records, which standardized on a 12 inch diameter. This was commonly used to release an "album" of music, about 22 minutes per side. Concurrently, an alternate format, 7 inch diameter records designed to be played at 45 rpm, was produced, allowing about 5 minutes per side. This was often used to release "singles" (a single piece of music on each side of the record). The 33 1/3 and 45 rpm playback speeds supplanted 78 rpm, and remain the standards today.

==Transcript==
{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

:Multi-function rotary tool

:[A slider on the side of a tool with various settings.]
:Speed (rpm) Function
:0.000000000073: Sidereal mount precession adapter
:0.00070: Sidereal telescope mount
:[Following three are labeled "clock hands":]
:0.0014: h
:0.017: m
:1: s
:[Following three are labeled "record player":]
:33: 33
:45: 45
:72: 72
:300: Screwdriver [Current setting]
:1500: Drill
:2500: Airplane propeller
:35 000: Dremel
:60 000: Uranium enrichment centrifuge
:300 000: Dental drill

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Telescopes]]

3047: Rotary Tool

2025-02-05T19:35:36Z

172.68.245.206:

{{comic
| number = 3047
| date = February 5, 2025
| title = Rotary Tool
| image = rotary_tool_2x.png
| imagesize = 528x468px
| noexpand = true
| titletext = It was great until my thumb slipped and I accidentally launched my telescope into the air at Mach 8.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Created by a NEWLY LAUNCHED ORBITAL TELESCOPE BOT. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

The comic depicts a handheld tool with a slider that allows the user to select various speed settings. Presumably the tool has a rotating part at one end, similar to a handheld drill or electric screwdriver.

Some of these speeds, like the ones corresponding to normal drills and screwdrivers, are sensible. The others, referencing other things that rotate (like clock hands and dentist drills), are either impractically slow for any conceivable use, or so fast that they would surely injure the user or damage the tool. The precession setting refers to the {{w|precession of the equinoxes}}, which happens on a 26,000-year cycle that corresponds to the RPM rate shown. The average person does not need to adjust their telescope for such minor shifts, certainly not on a regular basis.{{cn}} This may be beneficial for scientists making precise measurements but they would have more powerful and dedicated tools to this end. For commercial use by the public, this would not be remotely necessary.

The latter case is referenced in the title text, as the user's finger slipped and accidentally changed the tool to a higher speed setting while attempting to use the "sidereal telescope mount" option with an actual telescope, lauching it into the air at a {{w|hypersonic speed}}.

Note: The 72 rpm number for a record player is likely in error. The most popular record formats were 33, 45 and '''78''' rpm.

The speeds labeled "record player" are intended to correspond to standard rotational speeds of {w|Phonograph record|phonograph records}. The intended playback speed standardized at 78 rpm (not 72 rpm as depicted in the comic) in the 1920s, with a diameter of 10 inches. The speed and size, as well as the required width of the groove encoding the music, dictated a playing time of about 3 1/2 minutes per side. Beginning in the late 1940s, records designed to be played back at 33 1/3 rpm (close enough to the 33 rpm in the comic) were produced, to allow longer play times (hence the LP designation, for "long play") on similar-sized records, which standardized on a 12 inch diameter. This was commonly used to release an "album" of music, about 22 minutes per side. Concurrently, an alternate format, 7 inch diameter records designed to be played at 45 rpm, was produced, allowing about 5 minutes per side. This was often used to release "singles" (a single piece of music on each side of the record). The 33 1/3 and 45 rpm playback speeds supplanted 78 rpm, and remain the standards today.

==Transcript==
{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

:Multi-function rotary tool

:[A slider on the side of a tool with various settings.]
:Speed (rpm) Function
:0.000000000073: Sidereal mount precession adapter
:0.00070: Sidereal telescope mount
:[Following three are labeled "clock hands":]
:0.0014: h
:0.017: m
:1: s
:[Following three are labeled "record player":]
:33: 33
:45: 45
:72: 72
:300: Screwdriver [Current setting]
:1500: Drill
:2500: Airplane propeller
:35 000: Dremel
:60 000: Uranium enrichment centrifuge
:300 000: Dental drill

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Telescopes]]

Talk:3041: Unit Circle

2025-01-23T20:00:35Z

172.68.245.206:

First [[Special:Contributions/162.158.175.72|162.158.175.72]] 23:00, 22 January 2025 (UTC)

This would actually be so helpful for my geometry class right now '''[[User:42.book.addict|42.book.addict]][[User talk:42.book.addict|Talk to me!]]''' 23:06, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
:Are you saying you have problem with abstract thinking? Why should matter if the unit circle had radius 1 yard, 1 foot, 1 meter or 1 lightsecond? -- [[User:Hkmaly|Hkmaly]] ([[User talk:Hkmaly|talk]]) 23:12, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
::I don’t like having things defined as “x” and like to have exact measurements. The diagram just looks cleaner to me that way '''[[User:42.book.addict|42.book.addict]][[User talk:42.book.addict|Talk to me!]]''' 23:38, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
:::There's nothing stopping you from considering non-dimensional lengths to be whatever unit you want. If you just write in, for example, "cm" after any linear dimensions, and corresponding units for areas and volumes, that's fine.[[Special:Contributions/162.158.158.169|162.158.158.169]] 14:24, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::I prefer units of light-nanoseconds or the metric version parnsecs (don't think about it too hard :P) {{unsigned|SammyChips}} SammyChips 23:58, 22 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I like [[3038|square acrminutes per steradian]] '''[[User:42.book.addict|42.book.addict]][[User talk:42.book.addict|Talk to me!]]''' 02:38, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:::Please sign off with <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>, or change your signature to include a link to either your talk page or user page. Thank you! '''[[User:42.book.addict|42.book.addict]][[User talk:42.book.addict|Talk to me!]]''' 01:25, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I did sign with <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>, but the option for treating my signature as plain text was enabled. [[User:SammyChips|SammyChips]] ([[User talk:SammyChips|talk]]) 15:57, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:::SammyChips, if that is supposed to be Parallax nano-seconds, you should understand that that is probably more like a Giga-Parsec. The parsec is the distance at which an object appears to move one second of arc when the Earth moves halfway around its orbit. (though I'm not sure which orientation.) [[User:Divad27182|Divad27182]] ([[User talk:Divad27182|talk]]) 03:34, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::::I told you not to think too hard for that very reason :P It's actually parsec-nanosecond per year, but in a nod to the recent comics dealing with [[3038|unit cancelation]] and [[3040|making up personal scientific jargon]], I collapsed it into its own unit. For those who didn't get it, a light-nanosecond is pretty close to a foot, and the "parnsec" is pretty close to a meter. SammyChips 15:50, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::::: You Americans will use anything but the metric system![[Special:Contributions/172.70.58.45|172.70.58.45]] 16:30, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:::parallax giga-seconds?[[User:Lordpishky|Lordpishky]] ([[User talk:Lordpishky|talk]]) 19:20, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:::My Millennium Falcon gets 14 parsecs to the Kessel Run, and that’s the way I likes it! [[Special:Contributions/172.68.186.34|172.68.186.34]] 06:26, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:::I'm going to take all these desires for weird units with a barn-megaparsec of nackle. [[Special:Contributions/172.69.195.160|172.69.195.160]] 07:00, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
:yo Tori, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEJWE6cpqw0 ''this''] might help you with geometry too ;) [[User:CalibansCreations|'''Caliban''']] ([[User talk:CalibansCreations|talk]]) 11:14, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::I’ve watched that video before-it’s really cool and it’s one of my favorite videos ever '''[[User:42.book.addict|42.book.addict]][[User talk:42.book.addict|Talk to me!]]''' 16:10, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

Are "they" also searching for {{w|Doubling the cube|Apollo's doubled altar}}? [[User:Divad27182|Divad27182]] ([[User talk:Divad27182|talk]]) 03:22, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

I guess the correct wording is that $\pi$ is a trancendent number. Some irrational numbers e.g. $\sqrt{2}$ can be constructed by compass and ruler. {{unsigned ip|172.68.185.165|07:12, 23 January 2025}}
:To be more precise, constructable irrational numbers are those that can be obtained through taking square roots, even repeatedly. Transcendental numbers are out, but so are things like cube roots. Note also that the fact that there are no "absolute units" of length is a quirk of Euclidean geometry -- in, say, hyperbolic world, a unit circle like this could actually work. [[Special:Contributions/172.68.213.153|172.68.213.153]] 09:10, 23 January 2025 (UTC)
::Watch out you don't make that unit circle too big, or the square's vertices might {{w|Ideal_triangle|stretch out to infinity}} and ignite the atmosphere! [[User:SammyChips|SammyChips]] ([[User talk:SammyChips|talk]]) 16:14, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

Didn't the unit kilogram lose some of it's mass? It may be working if something similar happened to this unit circle. [[Special:Contributions/172.69.214.117|172.69.214.117]] 15:43, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

The unit circle has a diameter of 2 units by definition, as a circle's diameter is twice its radius. In this comic, the diameter of the circle is 89 pixels, measured from the center of the outline on one side to the center of the outline on the other side. This implies that at the scale of this scene, the "unit" is 44.5 pixels. Cueball is 201 pixels tall, making him 4.5 "units" tall. Are characters' relative heights consistent enough in ''xkcd'' for this to be meaningful? --[[User:Tepples|Tepples]] ([[User talk:Tepples|talk]]) 18:22, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

The only true unit of length is ~1.616*10^(-35) meters. Whether you want that to be the circle's radius or diameter would be a matter of convention, although it might help to point out that the Schwarzchild "radius" of a unit mass is two length units, which makes me think of a diameter instead. [[Special:Contributions/172.68.245.206|172.68.245.206]] 20:00, 23 January 2025 (UTC)

1010: Etymology-Man

2025-01-14T13:47:32Z

172.68.245.206:

{{comic
| number = 1010
| date = January 30, 2012
| title = Etymology-Man
| image = etymology_man.png
| titletext = I can't believe I'm saying this, but I wish Aquaman were here instead--HE'D be able to help.
}}

{{incomplete|This needs better discussion of the actual explanation Etymology-Man is giving and particularly historical events like the {{w|1755 Lisbon earthquake|1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami}}.}}

==Explanation==
This became the first comic in a two comic series about the [[:Category:Etymology-Man|Etymology-Man]]. The second followed two comics later in [[1012: Wrong Superhero]].

This comic is a take on the traditional appearance of a super hero when a disaster strikes. In this case, Etymology-Man arrives, who apparently has the power of {{w|Etymology}} — the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. As Etymology-Man is explaining the history of the words "{{w|tsunami}}" and "tidal wave", at one point referencing the {{w|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami}} and {{w|2011 Tōhoku tsunami}},and the {{w1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami}}.the water starts rising around them. As the waters continue to rise, he continues to only explain the words, rather than attempting to save them as a superhero should. This, intentionally or unintentionally, is a dig at academics who prefer to talk about issues when taking action is more appropriate.

Also, the title text is a play on how useless {{w|Aquaman}} is (perceived to be) compared to other superheroes, as his powers — breathing underwater, speed swimming, and communicating with sea life — are very difficult for writers to make relevant, since most stories do not take place underwater.{{Citation needed}} Indeed, in the case of a flood, Aquaman and his aquatic allies would be able to assist with evacuations. (Some depictions of Aquaman do not have control of water itself. Though when equipped with his mystical trident, or magical prosthetic "water hand", could probably also perform useful hydrokinesis to avert significant damage.)

The irony of the situation comes from the fact that Etymology-Man seemingly has the power of flight and could in fact save Cueball and Ponytail if he was not so busy talking about the origin of the word "tidal wave".

Inexplicable is the fact that Cueball and Ponytail both know exactly who this "superhero" is, and ergo presumably realize that what he is telling them is useless, but they don't even attempt to get to safety. There are few possible explanations for this: perhaps they are simply accepting their fate instead of trying to escape, or even that learning cool word facts takes precendence over saving their own lives, or they have been distracted by Etymology-Man's lecture and were caught by surprise by the fast tidal wave.

==Transcript==
:[Cueball and Ponytail are facing each other, with wavy lines around them to indicate they are experiencing the shaking of an earthquake.]
:Cueball: Earthquake!
:Ponytail: We should get to a higher ground - There could be a tidal wave.

:[A frame-less panel with Cueball and Ponytail, with Cueball taking a pedantic pose and raising a finger.]
:Cueball: You mean a tsunami. "Tidal wave" means a wave caused by tides.

:[A crash is heard, followed by Etymology-Man flying in while wearing a cape.]
:Etymology-man: You know, that doesn't add up.
:Cueball and Ponytail: Etymology-man!

:[Etymology-man takes a pedantic pose.]
:Etymology-man: What ''does'' "tidal wave" mean? There are waves caused by tides, but they're "tidal bores", and they're not cataclysmic.
:It can refer to the daily tide cycle, but that's obviously not what people mean when they say "a tidal wave hit".
:It's been obvious for centuries that these waves come from quakes. So why "tidal"?

:[Panel zooms in on Etymology-man.]
:Etymology-man: Remember that until 2004, there weren't any clear photos or videos of tsunamis. Some modern writers even described them rearing up and breaking like surfing waves [sic]
:Of course, in 2004 and 2011, it was made clear to everyone that a tsunami is more like a rapid, turbulent, inrushing tide - exactly what historical accounts describe.

:[Water begins to rush in. Etymology-man keeps his pedantic pose.]
:Etymology-man: Maybe those writing about Lisbon in 1755 used "tidal wave" not out of scientific confusion, but because it described the wave's form — a description lost in our rush to expunge "tidal wave" from English.

:[The water is now waist-deep. Etymology-man continues to drone on, but the others start to panic.]
:Etymology-man: "Tsunami" is now the standard, and I'm not trying to change that. But let's be a tad less giddy about correcting "tidal wave" - especially when "tsunami" just means "harbor wave", which is hardly...

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Etymology-Man]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]
[[Category:Earthquakes]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Pedantic]]

3037: Radon

2025-01-14T13:33:55Z

172.68.245.206:

{{comic
| number = 3037
| date = January 13, 2025
| title = Radon
| image = radon_2x.png
| imagesize = 740x291px
| noexpand = true
| titletext = A good ²³⁸Umbrella policy should cover it.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Created by a PLANET INSURANCE SALESMAN - Please change this comment when editing this page. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
In this comic, [[Ponytail]] approaches [[Cueball]] about the concentration of {{w|radon}} in his basement. This refers to a common phenomenon where the levels of radon gases can build up in enclosed spaces over time; they form out of traces of {{w|uranium}} embedded in the surrounding bedrock/soils of most basements, and in the silicate minerals used in the concrete of the foundation. This uranium (over time, and in most cases via the midpoint of thorium) releases radon as a gas whilst experiencing alpha decay, although the time in which this occurs is noticeably long. Uranium-238, the isotope mentioned in the title text, has a half-life of 4.5 billion years, which is about the age of the Earth. Over the whole Earth, roughly 2.8 ppm of the planet is made of uranium<ref>https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/uranium-mining-overview</ref>; this is about 0.00028% of the planet, which weighs about 5.9722*10^24 kilograms<ref>https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html</ref>. Even so, if uranium existed in the Earth's crust alone - about 1% of the Earth's total mass itself - this would imply that there is  1.672216*10^19 kilograms of uranium across the entire planet. Thus, radon gas is not ''that'' uncommon a phenomenon, and {{w|Radon mitigation|radon mitigation}} techniques are frequently employed to keep the air safe and breathable. Basements, in particular, are known to accumulate radon gas if they are kept sealed over long enough time; that is, the windows and doors are closed. Small cracks in the house's foundation may allow some radon gas to seep inside, which can be cleared if the basement is properly ventilated. Radon, being denser than air, naturally tends to settle in lower areas like basements. Its concentration is further increased in basements due to higher levels of radon generation there and the typically poor air circulation in such spaces. Radon mixes completely with air, and does not "settle out". Undisturbed, the concentration of radon reaches a steady state in a given area, between accumulation from being generated, and removal by air circulation and by radioactive decay.

The actual amount of uranium experienced in any given environment, according [[Randall|Randall's]] own [[Radiation|Radiation chart]], is 10 microsieverts worth of radiation, on average, over a year; the amount in one's body, in contrast, is about 390 microsievert over that same timeframe, again on average. The lowest dose linked to any serious risk is in the millisievert range, over thousands of times ''stronger'' than any of these sources. Thus the ''radiation'' from radon buildup in a normal house is not of concern, as long as it is properly managed in time. Instead it is radon's ''toxicity'' that is the problem, both from the radon itself and its "daughter" isotopes, that poses a danger to humans.

In the comic Cueball is getting his house inspected; this is common in preparation for selling the home. Inspector Ponytail finds an excessive level of radon in the basement. Often when problems are found in a home, it's due to the age of the building, since technology has improved over time and building codes have added requirements in parallel.

But rather than inquire about the age of the home, Ponytail asks about the age of the planet on which it was built. The answer would be the same for all houses on Earth.{{cn}} Apparently she's an interplanetary inspector, testing properties on many different planets with different levels of radon - maybe even different solar systems, since most planets in a system form within a few million years of each other. Earth's age of 4.5 billion years is about the same as the half-life of U-238, so radon levels are high because much of the original uranium is still in the process of decaying.

The sun found in our solar system is an example of a G-type main-sequence star, also known as a yellow dwarf. In 4 to 7 billion years, the Sun's outer layers will expand, turning it into a red giant. This process will render the Earth uninhabitable for humans within approximately 5 billion years.

The title text for this comic mentions {{w|umbrella insurance}}, which is what insurance companies in the United States pay when the payment extends over their own policies. It makes a joke with the isotope representation of Uranium-238 being 238U, and is something that Cueball might need to consult with after handling the issue of radon gas in his home; most states in the United States, for instance, require property disclosure forms to be filled out if radon levels surpass a certain threshold.<ref>https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/files-pdf/Final%202022%20Radon_0.pdf</ref>

==Transcript==
{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}

:[Cueball is on the left, and is approached by Ponytail, who is reading a Geiger counter in her hand and is holding a toolbox in her other hand.]
:Ponytail: Radon levels in your basement are pretty high.
:Ponytail: When was the planet under this home built?

:[Ponytail stops walking and lowers the Geiger counter]
:Cueball: Uhh, about 4½ billion years ago, I think?
:Ponytail: Oof. I was afraid of that.

:[A frameless panel]
:Ponytail: This planet was contaminated with uranium when it formed. You really should have let it fully decay before building.
:Ponytail: Wait another 100 billion years and these rocks will be fine.

:[Zoom in on Cueball's head]
:Cueball: But the Sun will burn out in 5 billion years.
:Ponytail (off-panel): Yikes, you built around a short-lived yellow star? What a mess.
:Ponytail (off-panel): Hope you have good insurance.
:Title text: A good ²³⁸Umbrella policy should cover it.
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Astronomy]]

Talk:2995: University Commas

2024-10-08T05:11:12Z

172.68.245.206:

As Wikipedia notes, the {{w|Harvard comma}} is actually a thing, and synonymous with the Oxford comma. It's hard to understand whether Randall was just ignoring that.
It's interesting to also look at how the various commas are meaningful. For instance, the Yale comma here appears to be just plain ungrammatical, you'd never put a comma between a verb and a its direct object; similarly the Cambridge comma and Princeton commas are ungrammatical, you'd never put one after the word "and." The Stanford comma is unambiguously normal and it's not clear how you could have such a list without it (absent replacement with a [Stanford?] semicolon). The Columbia comma is being used to separate "mac and cheese" into "mac, and[,] cheese" which changes the semantic meaning (arguably into something meaningless, but maybe we're listing Apple Computers or even Macintosh apple fruit abbreviated). The MIT comma is a cute programming joke for multiline lists. Maybe there are hidden trick meanings (like MIT) I'm missing. [[User:JohnHawkinson|JohnHawkinson]] ([[User talk:JohnHawkinson|talk]]) 23:03, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:On their own, few of them are intrinsically bad, in the right context.
:*"Please, buy" - valid comma. Prefixed subclause (general plea).
:*"Please buy, apples" - valid comma (more specific plea).
:*"apples, mac" - valid comma (list-type).
:*"mac, and" - valid comma (potentially a conjunctive sub-clause).
:*"mac and, cheese" - valid comma (potentially a post-conjunctive sub-clause).
:*"and cheese, milk" - valid comma (follow-up sub-clause).
:*"cheese, milk, and" - Oxford comma. (Thus invalid, by default. IMO.)
:*"milk and, bread." - ...would be valid, as above, except for the sentence ending.
:*"and bread,." - Ok. Definitely the worst. (Except for the Oxford Comma, which is still worserer!)
:Obviously, combinations of them (or counterpart lack of them, in some cases) can clash badly. Some can work well together, but using ()s, ;s or feetnete* is often better than diving in and out of sub-clauses in the midst of a comma-bound list and potentially making it ambiguous whether you're diving in/out of a clarifying aside or replacing a non-terminating conjunction or perhaps one of the other usages to which a comma might apply.
:* Or just generally rewriting a multi-clausal sentence completely! [[Special:Contributions/172.70.86.22|172.70.86.22]] 23:30, 7 October 2024 (UTC)
:Commas can go in a number of places in lists, and, occasionally, after the word "and". [[User:BunsenH|BunsenH]] ([[User talk:BunsenH|talk]]) 23:34, 7 October 2024 (UTC)

If each item in a list shall be followed by a comma then the MIT comma is quite proper. SDT [[Special:Contributions/172.68.245.206|172.68.245.206]] 05:11, 8 October 2024 (UTC)