explain xkcd - User contributions [en]

1547: Solar System Questions

2015-07-06T17:32:21Z

Rxa: Add wiki link to Solar Neutrino Problem

{{comic
| number = 1547
| date = July 6, 2015
| title = Solar System Questions
| image = solar_system_questions.png
| titletext = My country's World Cup win was exciting and all, but c'mon, what if the players wore nylon wings and COULD LITERALLY FLY?
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Created by a BOT - Please change this comment when editing this page.}}

This comic is a list of questions which Randall has about the Solar System, which at first glance may appear to be things that Randall would like to learn about.
In actual fact most of the questions have not been satisfactorily answered or proven by anyone in the scientific community.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Question given
! Answer given by Randall (in Red)
! Comments
|-
| Why is the the Moon so blotchy?
| Lava
| "the the" could be a Randallism (intended or unintended).
|-
| Why are all the blotches on the near side?
| ...
| The nearside of the Moon is dominated by the blotchy 'seas' (volcanic flats), the far side by craters. Possibly an overabundance of craters obliterate the blotches, and the far side was always more 'exposed' to impacts.
|-
| Did Mars have seas?
| Yes (briefly?)
| Recent explorations have confirmed there was once standing water (not just occasional flowing water), but not yet how long, save that it created the sedimentary layers that we have seen.
|-
| Was there life on Mars?
| ...
| One of the big mysteries, not yet answered.
|-
| What's Titan like?
| Cold, yellow, lakes + rivers (methane)
|
|-
| What was Earth like during the Hadean?
| ...
| {{w|Hadean}}
|-
| Is the Oort Cloud a real thing?
| ...
| The {{w|Oort Cloud}} is a theoretical spherical cloud of icy planetsimals centred around our sun.
|-
| Why is the Sun's corona so hot?
| Something about magnets?
| The {{w|corona}} of the sun is hotter than it theoretically should be. The looping magnetic fields in this area could be responsible.
|-
| What are comets like?
| Precipitous
| The {{w|Philae (spacecraft)|Philae lander}} is next to a cliff...
|-
| Where's Philae, exactly?
| ...
| ...but we're not sure ''which'' cliff.
|-
| What's Pluto like?
| rowspan="2" | [Soon!]
| rowspan="2" | A probe may be about to answer both of these questions.
|-
| What's Charon like?
|-
| Why don't we have in-between-sized planets?
| ...
| There is a size-gap between the rocky planets (up to Earth size) and the gas giants
|-
| What's Ceres like?
| [Working on it!]
| Another probe
|-
| Why is Europa so wierd-looking and pretty?
| Ice over a water ocean
|
|-
| Why is Io so weird-looking?
| Sulfur volcanoes (? in the wrong places?)
|
|-
| Why are so many Kuiper Belt objects red?
| ...
| {{w|Kuiper Belt}}
|-
| What are those spots on Ceres?
| ...
| {{w|Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres}}
|-
| What's in the seas under Europa's ice?
| ...
| {{w|Europa (moon)|Europa}}
|-
| Which of the other moons have seas?
| Several
| (Partial/initial list possible? Definition of 'seas' would affect this.)
|-
| What are the big white things in Titan's Lakes?
| ...
| {{w|Lakes of Titan}}
|-
| What do Jupiter's clouds look like up close?
| ...
|
|-
| What's all that red stuff in the Great Red Spot?
| ...
|
|-
| What's pushing the Pioneer Probes?
| Heat from the RTG
| Discussed as the {{w|Pioneer anomaly}}. RTG stands for {{w|Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator}}.
|-
| What pushes spacecraft slightly during flybys?
| ...
| The related {{w|Flyby anomaly}}.
|-
| Where are all the Sun's Neutrinos?
| Oscillating
| {{w|Solar neutrino problem}}
|-
| Why is there so much air on Titan?
| ...
|
|-
| Why <sic? Where?> does the Kuiper Belt Stop?
| ...
| A reference to the {{w|Kuiper Cliff}}.
|-
| Why is Iapetus weird-colored?
| ...
|
|-
| Why does iapetus have a belt?
| ...
|
|-
| What's the deal with Miranda?
| ...
| {{w|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_(moon)|Miranda}} is the smallest of Uranus's five round satellites. Also possibly a [[Firefly|''Firefly'' reference]] since {{w|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Firefly_planets_and_moons#Miranda|Miranda}} is the name of a planet in {{w|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenity_(film)|''Serenity''}}, a film in the {{w|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)|''Firefly''}} series.
|-
| Did Uranus and Neptune change places?
| ...
| The {{w|Nice model}} is a theory of how our solar system formed, which suggested the possibility of Uranus and Neptune having swapped places before reaching their current positions. Work by Professor S. Desch [http://dusty.la.asu.edu/~desch/publications/2007/Desch2007.pdf| also came to this result].
|-
| Did the Late Heavy Bombardment happen?
| ...
|
|-
| Did life start before it?
| ...
|
|-
| Is Europa covered in Ice Spikes?
| ...
|
|-
| Why haven't we build a big inflatable Extreme Sports Complex on The Moon?
| ...
|
|-
| (Titletext) My country's World Cup win was exciting and all, but c'mon, what if the players wore nylon wings and COULD LITERALLY FLY?
| ...
| {{w|2015 FIFA Women's World Cup}}
|}

==Transcript==
{{incomplete transcript}}

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Firefly]]

1526: Placebo Blocker

2015-05-18T16:39:38Z

Rxa: fix typo

{{comic
| number = 1526
| date = 18 May, 2015
| title = Placebo Blocker
| image = placebo blocker.png
| titletext = They work even better if you take them with our experimental placebo booster, which I keep in the same bottle.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Could be improved-Clumsy wording}}

The {{w|placebo}} effect refers to the phenomenon where patients which are given an inactive treatment (such as a sugar pill) but told that they are receiving an effective treatment can still show improvement relative to an untreated patient. The placebo effect is important to consider for experiments to test whether new drug treatments are effective, since even ineffective treatments can lead to improved outcomes. Thus, modern drug trials are conducted as {{w|Blind experiment#Double-blind trials|double blind}} experiments, where patients are randomly given either the treatment or a placebo without either them or the administering doctors knowing which is which.

Several reasons for the placebo effect have been proposed, from study artifacts such as under-reporting of negative outcomes by patients who think they are being treated, to neurological explanations for how mental state can translate into physical outcomes. This comic refers to a study published this month about possible mechanisms for the placebo effect:

: Kathryn T. Hall, Joseph Loscalzo, and Ted J. Kaptchuk. (2015) ''Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome.'' Trends in Mol Medicine. Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2015, Pages 285–294 [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009 doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.009]

Cueball announces the creation of a drug designed to prevent the placebo effect from occurring. The joke centers around the difficulty in designing an experiment which would test whether such a drug worked. Following the typical experimental design, patients experiencing the placebo effect (i.e. who had just taken a placebo and been told it was a treatment for some ailment) would be split into two groups. The first group would receive the blocker drug, while the second would receive a placebo. However, Cueball then trails off after realizing the problems with such a scheme, such as the fact that one group receives two different placebos, or that it is unclear how the patients could be told what the drug was designed for without negating the effect of the original placebo.

After Hair Bun Girl develops a headache from trying to think of a proper experimental design for the placebo blocker, Cueball offers her a sugar pill as a cure. While this might have helped the headache via the placebo effect had he told her it was a headache treatment, by revealing the pill as merely a sugar pill, it may suppress or reduce the effect.[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015591 but still be effective.]

In title text, Cueball is talking about a placebo booster that he keeps in the same bottle with his placebos, suggesting that a placebo booster could simply be another placebo that patients are told will enhance the placebo effect. It's unclear whether it would be ''called'' a placebo booster in front of the patients, which would possibly have the effect of ''diminishing'' the effect of the first placebo.

Placebo-blockers do exist. A side-effect of the opiate antagonist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone#Side_effects Naloxone] blocks the placebo effect. [http://healthland.time.com/2009/08/26/a-neurological-explanation-for-the-placebo-effect/]

==Transcript==
:Cueball: Some researchers* are starting to figure out the mechanism behind the placebo effect.
:Cueball: We've used their work to create a new drug: a ''placebo effect blocker.''
:Footnote: * Hall et al, DOI: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009 10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009]
:Cueball: Now we just need to run a trial! We'll get two groups, give them both placebos, then give one the ''real'' placebo blocker, and the other a...
:Cueball: ...wait.
:[Hair Bun Girl holds her chin, while Cueball looks towards the ground.]
:Hair Bun Girl: ...my head hurts.
:Cueball: Mine too.
:[Cueball begins to take the lid off of a medicine bottle.]
:Cueball: Here, want a sugar pill?

{{comic discussion}}


[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Hair Bun Girl]]
[[Category:Science]]

1526: Placebo Blocker

2015-05-18T16:39:07Z

Rxa: Add example of real life placebo blocker

{{comic
| number = 1526
| date = 18 May, 2015
| title = Placebo Blocker
| image = placebo blocker.png
| titletext = They work even better if you take them with our experimental placebo booster, which I keep in the same bottle.
}}

==Explanation==
{{incomplete|Could be improved-Clumsy wording}}

The {{w|placebo}} effect refers to the phenomenon where patients which are given an inactive treatment (such as a sugar pill) but told that they are receiving an effective treatment can still show improvement relative to an untreated patient. The placebo effect is important to consider for experiments to test whether new drug treatments are effective, since even ineffective treatments can lead to improved outcomes. Thus, modern drug trials are conducted as {{w|Blind experiment#Double-blind trials|double blind}} experiments, where patients are randomly given either the treatment or a placebo without either them or the administering doctors knowing which is which.

Several reasons for the placebo effect have been proposed, from study artifacts such as under-reporting of negative outcomes by patients who think they are being treated, to neurological explanations for how mental state can translate into physical outcomes. This comic refers to a study published this month about possible mechanisms for the placebo effect:

: Kathryn T. Hall, Joseph Loscalzo, and Ted J. Kaptchuk. (2015) ''Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome.'' Trends in Mol Medicine. Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2015, Pages 285–294 [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009 doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2015.02.009]

Cueball announces the creation of a drug designed to prevent the placebo effect from occurring. The joke centers around the difficulty in designing an experiment which would test whether such a drug worked. Following the typical experimental design, patients experiencing the placebo effect (i.e. who had just taken a placebo and been told it was a treatment for some ailment) would be split into two groups. The first group would receive the blocker drug, while the second would receive a placebo. However, Cueball then trails off after realizing the problems with such a scheme, such as the fact that one group receives two different placebos, or that it is unclear how the patients could be told what the drug was designed for without negating the effect of the original placebo.

After Hair Bun Girl develops a headache from trying to think of a proper experimental design for the placebo blocker, Cueball offers her a sugar pill as a cure. While this might have helped the headache via the placebo effect had he told her it was a headache treatment, by revealing the pill as merely a sugar pill, it may suppress or reduce the effect.[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0015591 but still be effective.]

In title text, Cueball is talking about a placebo booster that he keeps in the same bottle with his placebos, suggesting that a placebo booster could simply be another placebo that patients are told will enhance the placebo effect. It's unclear whether it would be ''called'' a placebo booster in front of the patients, which would possibly have the effect of ''diminishing'' the effect of the first placebo.

Placebo-blockers do exist. A side-effect of the opiate antagonist [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naloxone#Side_effects side effect] blocks the placebo effect. [http://healthland.time.com/2009/08/26/a-neurological-explanation-for-the-placebo-effect/]

==Transcript==
:Cueball: Some researchers* are starting to figure out the mechanism behind the placebo effect.
:Cueball: We've used their work to create a new drug: a ''placebo effect blocker.''
:Footnote: * Hall et al, DOI: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009 10.1016/J.MOLMED.2015.02.009]
:Cueball: Now we just need to run a trial! We'll get two groups, give them both placebos, then give one the ''real'' placebo blocker, and the other a...
:Cueball: ...wait.
:[Hair Bun Girl holds her chin, while Cueball looks towards the ground.]
:Hair Bun Girl: ...my head hurts.
:Cueball: Mine too.
:[Cueball begins to take the lid off of a medicine bottle.]
:Cueball: Here, want a sugar pill?

{{comic discussion}}


[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Hair Bun Girl]]
[[Category:Science]]