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{{w|Zeno of Elea}} was an ancient Greek philosopher who devised several apparent paradoxes of motion called {{w|Zeno's paradoxes}}. Here are the two relevant to the comic:
 
{{w|Zeno of Elea}} was an ancient Greek philosopher who devised several apparent paradoxes of motion called {{w|Zeno's paradoxes}}. Here are the two relevant to the comic:
  
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:'''Arrow paradox:''' At any instant in time, an arrow suspended in mid-air is no different from an arrow in motion. How, then, can motion occur? (Answer: {{w|calculus}} [all objects have a velocity].) The lawyer presumably intends to use this argument to prove that his client could not have used the arrow to commit murder. Another possibility was that it is impossible to hit a person in motion.
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:'''Arrow paradox:''' At any instant in time, an arrow suspended in mid-air is no different from an arrow in motion. How, then, can motion occur? The lawyer presumably intends to use this argument to prove that his client could not have used the arrow to commit murder.
  
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:'''Dichotomy paradox:''' Suppose I need to go from point A to point B. First I must walk halfway there: half of the distance between A and B. Then I must walk half the remaining distance, which would bring me to three-quarters of the original distance; then I must again walk half the now-remaining distance to reach a point seven-eighths of the way from point A, and so on. Because I would have to take an infinite number of non-zero steps, I will never reach point B. By the same argument, the lawyer in the comic can get closer and closer to the judge's table, but never reach it.
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:'''Dichotomy paradox:''' Suppose I need to go from point A to point B. First I must walk halfway there. Then I must walk a quarter of the way there, then an eighth of the way there, and so on. Since I have to make an infinite number of non-zero steps, I will never reach point B. By the same argument, the lawyer in the cartoon can get closer and closer to the judge's table, but never reach it.
  
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There are two possible law vs math/logic puns in the comic, on the words "approach" and "proof." "{{w|Approach the bench}}" is a legal term meaning to have a private conversation with the judge; approach in calculus means an infinite process where a function value gets closer and closer to a {{w|Limit (mathematics)|limit}} value that it never actually reaches, reminiscent of Zeno's paradoxes. "Proof" is also ambiguous, with a different meaning in formal mathematics than in {{w|jurisprudence}}. See {{w|Proof (truth)}} and {{w|Mathematical Proof}}, for example.
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There are two mathematics/law puns present in the comic, on the words "approach" and "proof." Aside from its literal meaning, "{{w|approach the bench}}" is a legal term meaning to have a private conversation with the judge. "Proof" can mean a {{w|mathematical proof}} or a {{w|Evidence (law)|legal proof}}.
  
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{{w|Gottfried Leibniz}} is the co-inventor of {{w|calculus}} (along with Isaac Newton; see [[626: Newton and Leibniz]]). If Leibniz were to testify in this imaginary trial, he might argue that calculus invalidates Zeno's paradoxes, because the moving arrow has a different velocity than a stationary one (the function describing the motion has a nonzero derivative at the point), and the {{w|infinite series}} in the dichotomy paradox has a finite sum. Both Zeno and calculus assume a continuous, infinitely divisible, ideal {{w|spacetime}} (as does {{w|quantum mechanics}}); a different solution would be available if spacetime turns out to be discrete. However, Zeno is arguably not concerned with actually calculating the correct answer. In the real world, Zeno can be trivially disproven simply by moving and reaching a desired target (it is said that Diogenes the Cynic reacted to the paradox by wordlessly walking to a destination, to demonstrate his contempt for it). It remains a question of debate whether a mathematical approach addresses the central points in Zeno's arguments.
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{{w|Gottfried Leibniz}} is the co-inventor of {{w|calculus}} (along with Isaac Newton). The prosecution calls him (in the title text) for his expertise with {{w|infinitesimal}}s, which are indefinitely small but non-zero mathematical expressions. Calculus suggests that Zeno's paradoxes are invalid, because: the arrow's velocity can be calculated at each infinitesimal step of its flight, the infinitely many steps add up to a finite sum, and the series of operations can be completed in finite time.
  
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[[994: Advent Calendar]] is also about Zeno.
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Zeno has been mentioned before, in [[994: Advent Calendar|comic #994]].
  
 
==Transcript==
 
==Transcript==
 
:Zeno: My client couldn't have killed anyone with this arrow, and I can ''prove'' it!
 
:Zeno: My client couldn't have killed anyone with this arrow, and I can ''prove'' it!
 
:Judge: I'd like to examine your proof, Zeno. You may approach the bench.
 
:Judge: I'd like to examine your proof, Zeno. You may approach the bench.
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:Zeno: —But never reach it!
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:Zeno: — But never reach it!
  
 
{{comic discussion}}
 
{{comic discussion}}
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[[Category:Philosophy]]
 
[[Category:Philosophy]]
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[[Category:Math]]
 
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[[Category:Multiple Cueballs]]
 

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