Editing 1649: Pipelines

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| date      = February 29, 2016
 
| date      = February 29, 2016
 
| title    = Pipelines
 
| title    = Pipelines
−
| before    = [[#Explanation|↓ Skip to explanation ↓]]
 
 
| image    = pipelines.png
 
| image    = pipelines.png
 
| titletext = In the future, every single pipeline will lead to the bowl of a giant blender, and we'll all just show up with a bucket each day to take our share of the resulting smoothie.
 
| titletext = In the future, every single pipeline will lead to the bowl of a giant blender, and we'll all just show up with a bucket each day to take our share of the resulting smoothie.
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==Explanation==
 
==Explanation==
 +
{{incomplete|The table with all the items should be filled out with explanations etc. and the diameter should be calculated from real data (with references). Or with the new version of the table another column should be added with the use in gigaliter for each substance in the US to compare}}
  
−
This comic follows a similar idea to the ''[[what if? (blog)|what if?]]'' "{{what if|147|Niagara Straw}}" from three days before this comic's release, where the entire water flow over {{w|Niagara Falls}} is imagined to be funneled through a straw (i.e. 7 mm diameter), with disastrous results.
+
Follows a similar idea to the [[what if?]] {{what if|147|Niagara Straw}}, (from three days before this comic's release), where the entire water flow over {{w|Niagara Falls}} is imagined to flow through a straw (i.e. 7 mm diameter with disastrous results).  
  
−
In this comic [[Randall]] imagines what size pipes are necessary to carry US domestic production/consumption of various fluids if the flow rate were fixed at 4 meters per second. Randall notes that "many pipes would overlap", owing to the fact that consumption of one item as corn syrup would be due to the production of one of the others, in this case soda pop (another example, than the previous one which is actually mentioned in the comic, could be gasoline which is produced from petroleum ).
+
In this comic [[Randall]] imagines what size pipes are necessary to carry US domestic production/consumption of various fluids if the flow rate were fixed at 4 meters per second. Randall notes that "many pipes would overlap", owing to the fact that consumption of one item as corn syrup would be due to the production of one of the others, in this case soda pop (another example, than the previous one which is actually mentioned in the comic, could be gasoline which is produced from petroleum ).
  
−
The top panel is in [http://store-xkcd-com.myshopify.com/products/actual-size-stickers actual size] (something Randall often jokes about, like in the very next released ''what if?'' "{{what if|148|Eat the Sun}}", where he shows part of the sun in actual size in the 2nd picture, but in this comic he ''actually'' means it). This means that if you look at the image in actual size (or measure lengths in the full size image) then the measured diameter is the diameter Randall has calculated the pipe should be, based on his data for the consumption of these substances.
+
The top panel is in [http://store-xkcd-com.myshopify.com/products/actual-size-stickers actual size] (something Randall often jokes about but here he means it). This means that if you look at the image in actual size (or measure lengths in the full size image) then the measured diameter is the diameter Randall has calculated the pipe should be, based on his data for the consumption of these substances.  
  
−
In the second panel the pipes are too big for his drawing. To indicate the scale he has both inserted a woman ([[Blondie]]) and the top panel has been shrunk down to indicate how much larger the bottom panel is (this is similar to the link between the panels in [[980: Money]]). Using the size of the top panel and the smaller insert, it can be found that the scale is 20:1. The woman is 9 cm tall in the image, which makes her 180 cm — 5 feet 11 inches — in "real life". The pipe next to her for gasoline would have a diameter of 2.2 m.
+
In the second panel the pipes are too big for his drawing. To indicate the scale he has both inserted a human (appearance like [[Megan]], but with blonde hair, i.e. not Megan) and the top panel has been shrunk down to indicate how much larger the bottom panel is (this is similar to the link between the panels in [[980: Money]]). Using the size of the top panel and the smaller insert, it can be found that the scale is 20:1. (The woman is 9 cm tall in the image, which makes her 180 cm -- 5 feet 11 inches -- in "real life"). The pipe next to her for gasoline would have a diameter of 2.2 m.
  
 
Since the caption at the top mentions both fluid produced and consumed in the US it becomes very difficult to find out which number Randall uses. For instance the consumption of wine in the US and the production of wine in the US is not necessarily the same as wine is both imported and exported. Should there then be two pipes? Unlike similar comics (like Money mentioned above) there are no references for where Randall has the data for this comic.
 
Since the caption at the top mentions both fluid produced and consumed in the US it becomes very difficult to find out which number Randall uses. For instance the consumption of wine in the US and the production of wine in the US is not necessarily the same as wine is both imported and exported. Should there then be two pipes? Unlike similar comics (like Money mentioned above) there are no references for where Randall has the data for this comic.
  
−
As usual with xkcd, the absurdity — and improbability — of routing the entirety of each fluid through a single pipe at any point is the source of humor. Randall appears to assume that all of the fluids would flow at a similar speed to typical water mains (4 meters per second). This is, of course, unrealistic, given the wide range of pipe size and fluid viscosity. Running water through a pipe of that size would be trivial (such speeds are typical), but forcing a material like Silly Putty through a tube that tiny at similar speeds would be implausible. And, as the comic points out, some of the materials are effectively solids at room temperature. Many examples are just plain zany (e.g. saliva may be a reference to another ''what if?'' "{{what if|144|Saliva Pool}}"). Nonetheless, the table gives a good visual representation of the comparative usage rates. Note that at the bottom of the last panel there is a much larger pipe for the tap water used by the public. This should, perhaps, be unsurprising, as water is used a far higher rate than any other substance that we produce or transport. All substances are listed below in the [[#Table|table]].
+
As usual with xkcd, the absurdity -- and improbability -- of routing the entirety of each fluid through a single pipe at any point is the source of humor. In addition, despite Randall's stated assumption that all the fluids are magically flowing at the same rate as public water (4 meters per second), many could never actually do so; some "fluids" shown are too viscous (e.g. peanut butter, Silly Putty, meat), adhesive (e.g. maple syrup), or thermally impractical (e.g. glass, cheese, ice cream and yogurt). Lastly, many are just plain zany (e.g. saliva a reference to another what if? {{what if|144|Saliva Pool}}). Note that at the bottom of the last panel there is a much larger pipe for the tap water used by the public. All substances are listed below in the [[#Table|table]].
  
−
The title text refers to a possible future based on the idea of this comic in which all the pipes with the above-mentioned fluids will actually lead into the same hole as shown in the top right panel. This hole will then be the bowl of a giant blender that mixes all these substances together to a ''{{w|smoothie}}''. The future people will then just come up to this blender and get a bucket full of this mix each day. In reality, this would be an impractical method of getting all of the fluids. Setting the logistical considerations of such a setup aside, this would mean that ketchup and salsa, both intended for human consumption, would be mixed with fluids which are harmful to humans, such as windshield wiper fluid.
+
The title text refers to a possible future based on the idea of this comic in which all the pipes with the above mentioned fluids will actually lead into the same hole as shown in the top right panel. This hole will then be the bowl of a giant blender that mixes all these substances together to a ''{{w|smoothie}}''. The future people will then just come up to this blender and get a bucket full of this mix each day. In reality, this would be an impractical method of getting all of the fluids. Setting the logistical considerations of such a setup aside, this would mean that ketchup and salsa, both intended for human consumption, would be mixed with fluids which are harmful to humans, such as windshield wiper fluid.
  
−
Note: "Soup" has been left out, and it might have been expected in this comic due to the similarity to this system with [[Beret Guy]]'s use of a "soup outlet" as an entrepreneur in [[1293: Job Interview]]. It is probably a larger pipeline than salsa and possibly even ketchup. However, there are many different varieties of soups, and most soup is probably not bought finished, both very good reasons to not include it in the chart. But still the idea of having a soup outlet is very similar to this comic.
+
Note: "Soup" has been left out, and it might have been expected in this comic due to the similarity to this system with [[Beret Guy|Beret Guy's]] use of a "soup outlet" as an entrepreneur in [[1293: Job Interview]]. It is probably a larger pipeline than salsa and possibly even ketchup. However, there are many different varieties of soups, and most soup is probably not bought finished, both very good reasons to not include it in the chart. But still the idea of having a soup outlet is very similar to this comic.
  
 
===Table===
 
===Table===
−
*All the substances are listed here in the "reading" order, also used in the transcript.
+
*All the substances are listed here in the "reading" order also used in the transcript.
 
*The diameter is for the inner part of the tube.
 
*The diameter is for the inner part of the tube.
−
*GL is short for GigaLiters, or one billion liters. This is strictly the annual discharge of the size (cm) column at 4 m/s.
+
*GL is for GigaLiters - or Billion Liters. This is strictly the annual discharge of the Size (cm) column at 4 m/s.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 42: Line 42:
 
| 3.5
 
| 3.5
 
| 0.121
 
| 0.121
−
| In the title text of [[1599: Water Delivery]], Randall claims that he as a child could not understand why there were no toothpaste pipe to his house when there was one for water. Given this is at the top, this is a clear allusion to this comment. The calculation was based on a figure of 542 g/year per capita consumption of toothpaste.<ref><span class="plainlinks">https://www.google.com/search?q=toothpaste+consumption+by+country&tbm=isch&pf=m#imgrc=2wpGcxkoKlCvAM%3A</span><sup>[''dead link'']</sup></ref>
+
| In the title text of [[1599: Water Delivery]] Randall claims that he as a child could not understand why there were no toothpaste pipe to his house when there was one for water... Giving this is at the top, this is a clear allusion to this comment. Calculation is based on 542 g/year per capita consumption of toothpaste. Source: [https://www.google.co.il/search?q=toothpaste+consumption+by+country&num=100&espv=2&rlz=1C1VFKB_enIL627IL627&tbm=isch&imgil=2wpGcxkoKlCvAM%253A%253BvrrYrXTGlziE6M%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.sanasecurities.com%25252Ftop-story%25252Ffuture-prospect-indian-oral-care-industry&source=iu&pf=m&fir=2wpGcxkoKlCvAM%253A%252CvrrYrXTGlziE6M%252C_&usg=__g9B9_HQ-jLim5P25Ov5d6l6BiNk%3D&biw=1920&bih=955&ved=0ahUKEwjLiMn-op_LAhVD4XIKHcvPCMsQyjcIJA&ei=I27VVovrEsPCywPLn6PYDA#imgrc=2wpGcxkoKlCvAM%3A here]. 
−
The year the graph was made in is estimated to be 2013, and the 316.5 million estimated 2013 US population was used to calculate the diameter above.
+
The year the graph was made in is estimated to be 2013, and 316.5 million estimated 2013 US population to calculate the diameter above.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Nail polish}}
 
| {{w|Nail polish}}
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| 5.6
 
| 5.6
 
| 0.311
 
| 0.311
−
| Largely water, also contains methanol, dyes for a hue, normally bluish, and detergent.
+
| Largely water
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Silly putty}}
 
| {{w|Silly putty}}
 
| 0.1
 
| 0.1
 
| 0.0000991
 
| 0.0000991
−
| The smallest diameter of any of the pipes. Acting as a non-newtonian viscoelastic, properties of the Silly Putty, the size of the pipe may cause unknown effects to the putty and pipe.
+
| Smallest diameter
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Shampoo}}
 
| {{w|Shampoo}}
 
| 4
 
| 4
 
| 0.159
 
| 0.159
−
| As most people wash, this would be a larger pipe.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Honey}}
 
| {{w|Honey}}
 
| 5.2
 
| 5.2
 
| 0.268
 
| 0.268
−
| In both pure form and many honey products.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Blood donation|Donated blood}}
 
| {{w|Blood donation|Donated blood}}
 
| 0.9
 
| 0.9
 
| 0.00803
 
| 0.00803
−
| A small pipe as not many operations need a huge blood transfer.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Vanilla}}
 
| {{w|Vanilla}}
 
| 0.4
 
| 0.4
 
| 0.000159
 
| 0.000159
−
| Not the ice cream, but the spice (which is black as the substance in the vanilla pipe shows).
+
| Not the ice but the spice (which is black as the substance in the vanilla pipe).
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Ketchup}}
 
| {{w|Ketchup}}
 
| 5.2
 
| 5.2
 
| 0.268
 
| 0.268
−
| A huge ingredient in many products in the U.S., for example {{w|McDonalds}}.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Salsa (sauce)|Salsa}}
 
| {{w|Salsa (sauce)|Salsa}}
 
| 3.6
 
| 3.6
 
| 0.128
 
| 0.128
−
| Smaller than a typical jar of salsa.
+
| Smaller than a typical jar
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Sunscreen}}
 
| {{w|Sunscreen}}
 
| 1.35
 
| 1.35
 
| 0.0181
 
| 0.0181
−
| A smaller pipe that is largely dependent on the season (summer).
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Personal lubricant}}
 
| {{w|Personal lubricant}}
 
| 0.65
 
| 0.65
 
| 0.00419
 
| 0.00419
−
| Otherwise known as a "lube", or a sexual lubricant.
+
| Aka lube
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|LCD liquid}}
 
| {{w|LCD liquid}}
 
| 0.26
 
| 0.26
 
| 0.000670
 
| 0.000670
−
| For {{w|Liquid-crystal display|liquid-crystal displays}}.
+
| For {{w|Liquid-crystal display}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Mayonnaise|Mayo}}
 
| {{w|Mayonnaise|Mayo}}
 
| 4.4
 
| 4.4
 
| 0.192
 
| 0.192
−
| Otherwise known as mayonnaise, this product contains mainly eggs, dairy, and oil.
+
| Or mayonnaise
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Printer ink}}
 
| {{w|Printer ink}}
 
| 1.4
 
| 1.4
 
| 0.192
 
| 0.192
−
| Some offices and printing centres may need a medium size pipeline of ink.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Maple syrup}}
 
| {{w|Maple syrup}}
 
| 1.8
 
| 1.8
 
| 0.0178
 
| 0.0178
−
| Used as a topping on pancakes. As it is a relatively popular ingredient, it has a medium sized pipe.
+
|
 +
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Hair conditioner|Conditioner}}
 
| {{w|Hair conditioner|Conditioner}}
 
| 2.5
 
| 2.5
 
| 0.0620
 
| 0.0620
−
| For hair, like shampoo.
+
| For hair
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Mustard (condiment)|Mustard}}
 
| {{w|Mustard (condiment)|Mustard}}
 
| 3.7
 
| 3.7
 
| 0.136
 
| 0.136
−
| Like with ketchup, it is a popular topping but not as popular.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Liquid soap}}
 
| {{w|Liquid soap}}
 
| 4.7
 
| 4.7
 
| 0.219
 
| 0.219
−
| A large pipeline as many people use this.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Olive oil}}
 
| {{w|Olive oil}}
 
| 6.2
 
| 6.2
 
| 0.381
 
| 0.381
−
| Largest diameter in the upper chart. A common cooking oil and also used in Mediterranean cuisine.
+
| Largest diameter in the upper chart
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Coffee}}
 
| {{w|Coffee}}
 
| 58
 
| 58
 
| 33.4
 
| 33.4
−
| Extremely popular drink in the U.S. as many people drink it in the morning, so it has a medium sized pipeline in the upper chart.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Peanut butter}}
 
| {{w|Peanut butter}}
 
| 8.6
 
| 8.6
 
| 0.733
 
| 0.733
−
| Smallest diameter in the bottom chart.
+
| Smallest diameter in the bottom chart
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Ice cream}}
 
| {{w|Ice cream}}
 
| 20
 
| 20
 
| 3.97
 
| 3.97
−
| Most likely solid rather than melted. This would be a weird pipe as the ice cream would have to be melted to be transported through the pipe and then refrozen to a blend of all flavours. Then again, if the future was really the scenario in the title text, then mixing flavours isn't so bad.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Cheese}}
 
| {{w|Cheese}}
 
| 70
 
| 70
 
| 48.6
 
| 48.6
−
| Made from milk, also in the chart.
+
| Made from milk (cow) also in the chart
 
|-
 
|-
−
| {{w|Soft Drink|Soda}}
+
| {{w|Carbonated water|Soda}}
 
| 82
 
| 82
 
| 66.7
 
| 66.7
−
| As in {{w|Soft Drink|soda pop}} aka soft drinks (flavored carbonated water) or {{w|Carbonated water|club soda}} (unflavored carbonated water). In many parts of the U.S. flavored carbonated water is referred to simply as "soda".
+
| As in club soda
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Acetone}}
 
| {{w|Acetone}}
 
| 13.6
 
| 13.6
 
| 1.83
 
| 1.83
−
| An organic chemical used as a highly potent cleaner in labs.
+
| An organic chemical used as a highly potent cleaner in labs.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Liquor}}
 
| {{w|Liquor}}
 
| 15
 
| 15
 
| 2.23
 
| 2.23
−
| May not include beer or wine (also in chart).
+
| May not include beer or wine (also in chart)
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Gasoline}}
 
| {{w|Gasoline}}
 
| 220
 
| 220
 
| 480.
 
| 480.
−
| Made from petroleum, also in the chart.
+
| Made from petrol, also in the chart
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Yogurt}}
 
| {{w|Yogurt}}
 
| 15
 
| 15
 
| 2.23
 
| 2.23
−
| Made from milk (from a cow), also in the chart.
+
| Made from milk (cow), also in the chart
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Milk#Cow.27s_milk|Milk (cow)}}
 
| {{w|Milk#Cow.27s_milk|Milk (cow)}}
 
| 106
 
| 106
 
| 111
 
| 111
−
| All the milk that comes from cows. A large pipeline, as consumption and production of dairy products is in high demand.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Bottled water}}
 
| {{w|Bottled water}}
 
| 71
 
| 71
 
| 50.0
 
| 50.0
−
| See also [[1599: Water Delivery]]. Bottled water normally has a much higher price than tap water, but the bottled water may have "special properties", like spring water.
+
| See also [[1599: Water Delivery]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Sugar}}
 
| {{w|Sugar}}
 
| 42
 
| 42
 
| 17.5
 
| 17.5
−
| See also [[1639: To Taste]]. Sugar is commonly made from sugarcane or beets. Cooking sugar is generally sucrose. Other chemicals called sugars include glucose and lactose.
+
| See also [[1639: To Taste]]
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Saliva}}
 
| {{w|Saliva}}
 
| 85
 
| 85
−
| 71.6
+
| 71.6  
−
| From this data it could be calculated how long it would take the whole of America to drool enough to fill that pool from the ''what if?'' "Saliva Pool".
+
| From these data it could be calculated how long it would take America to drool enough to fill that pool from the what if? {{what if|144|Saliva Pool}}.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Wine}}
 
| {{w|Wine}}
 
| 18
 
| 18
 
| 3.21
 
| 3.21
−
| Americans drank just under [https://www.wineinstitute.org/resources/statistics/article86 900 million gallons of wine in 2014], or almost 3.4 million cubic metres per year meaning that Americans drink about 0.11&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s.  
+
| Americans drank just under [https://www.wineinstitute.org/resources/statistics/article86 900 million gallons of wine in 2014], or almost 3.4 million cubic metres per year meaning that Americans drink about 0.11&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s. With the pipe flowing at 4&nbsp;m/s this pipe must have an area of 268cm<sup>2</sup>. The radius of a pipe of area 268cm^2 is 9.25&nbsp;cm. The wine pipe should thus have a diameter of 18.5&nbsp;cm, very close to the one found by measuring on the chart.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|HFCS}}
 
| {{w|HFCS}}
 
| 20
 
| 20
 
| 3.97
 
| 3.97
−
| High fructose corn syrup is a widely used sweetener, mostly found in soft drinks. It is naturally found in a low concentration in most fruits (sucrose is made out of a glucose molecule bonded to a fructose molecule), and thus it can be naturally extracted from corn.
+
| High fructose corn syrup
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Breast milk|Milk (human)}}
 
| {{w|Breast milk|Milk (human)}}
 
| 10.6
 
| 10.6
 
| 1.114
 
| 1.114
−
| A rather small pipe as many people do not breastfeed, preferring to give their babies milk formula.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Petroleum}}
 
| {{w|Petroleum}}
 
| 318
 
| 318
 
| 1002
 
| 1002
−
| The largest diameter in the bottom chart, except for the public water. Also known as crude oil. Used to make, for instance, gasoline, also in the chart.
+
| Largest diameter in the bottom chart, except for the public water. Also known as crude oil. Used to make for instance gasoline, also in the chart.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Meat}}
 
| {{w|Meat}}
 
| 59
 
| 59
 
| 34.5  
 
| 34.5  
−
| The amount of meat purchased in the U.S. This "pipeline" would be mostly solid, save for some blood.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Glass}}
 
| {{w|Glass}}
 
| 28
 
| 28
 
| 7.77
 
| 7.77
−
|Glass is rumored to be a liquid. However, glass is an amorphous solid; people, wrongfully, assume this lack of crystalline structure gives it the potential for viscous flow, making it technically a liquid (non-newtonian). This is incorrect as glass is composed of covalently bound molecules in a somewhat disorganized fashion, more similar to a thermoset plastic than a liquid. This common misconception was referred to before in the title text of [[843: Misconceptions]].
+
|Glass is rumored to be a liquid. However, glass is an amorphous solid; people, wrongfully, assumed this lack of crystallinity gave it the potential for viscous flow, making it technically a liquid. This is incorrect as glass is composed of covalently bound molicules in a somewhat disorganized fashion, more similar to a thermoset plastic than a liquid.
−
|-
 
 
| {{w|Beer}}
 
| {{w|Beer}}
 
| 54
 
| 54
 
| 28.9
 
| 28.9
−
| As only people over 21 can buy this it is a smaller pipe. A larger pipe than wine, as beer is consumed more in the U.S.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Tea}}
 
| {{w|Tea}}
 
| 41
 
| 41
 
| 16.67
 
| 16.67
−
| Smaller than coffee, as many people prefer coffee, but some like tea more.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Cement}}
 
| {{w|Cement}}
 
| 74
 
| 74
 
| 54.3
 
| 54.3
−
| As most buildings have this and there are countless construction projects ongoing, this is a large pipe.
+
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
| {{w|Tap water|Public water}}
 
| {{w|Tap water|Public water}}
 
| 2550
 
| 2550
 
| 64,465
 
| 64,465
−
| Using the formula [http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/564058/calculate-the-radius-of-a-circle-given-the-chord-length-and-height-of-a-segment here], it is possible to calculate the diameter of a circle given the chord length = l and height = h of a segment. From the drawing (and scaling) l = 390&nbsp;cm and h = 15&nbsp;cm. The formula states that D = h + l<sup>2</sup>/(4*h) = 15&nbsp;cm + (390&nbsp;cm)<sup>2</sup>/(4*15&nbsp;cm) = 2550&nbsp;cm.
+
| Using the formula [http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/564058/calculate-the-radius-of-a-circle-given-the-chord-length-and-height-of-a-segment here] it is possible to calculate the diameter of a circle given the chord length = l and height = h of a segment. From the drawing (and scaling) l = 390&nbsp;cm and h = 15&nbsp;cm. The formula states that D = h + l<sup>2</sup>/(4*h) = 15&nbsp;cm + (390&nbsp;cm)<sup>2</sup>/(4*15 cm) = 2550&nbsp;cm.
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
==Transcript==
 
==Transcript==
−
:[Caption above the first main panel, to the left of a smaller panel to the right:]
+
:[Caption above the first main panel, to the left of a smaller panel to the right.]
 
:<big>The size of the US’s</big>
 
:<big>The size of the US’s</big>
 
:<big><big>'''Pipelines'''</big></big>
 
:<big><big>'''Pipelines'''</big></big>
 
:<big>if each fluid produced or consumed in the US has to be carried by a single pipe</big>
 
:<big>if each fluid produced or consumed in the US has to be carried by a single pipe</big>
 
:<font color="gray">Assuming they all flowed at the same speed of about 4<sup>m</sup><small>/</small><sub>s</sub></font>
 
:<font color="gray">Assuming they all flowed at the same speed of about 4<sup>m</sup><small>/</small><sub>s</sub></font>
−
:<font color="gray">Note: Many pipelines would overlap (eg. soda/corn syrup)</font>
+
:<font color="gray">Note: Many pipelines would overlap (eg. '''soda'''/corn syrup)</font>
  
 
:[There is a small panel to the right showing three gray pipes of different sizes leading out over a large hole in the ground. Only a part of the hole can be seen at the bottom left part of the panel, but it curves around indicating it is a large circular hole. The pipes are supported by small legs beneath them and from the end of all three thick liquids are squirting out and down into the hole. The first pipe is by far the largest; the liquid from it is white, but not as white as the background. The second pipe is by far the smallest squirting dark red liquid and the final rightmost pipe is in between and squirts our light brown liquid. Each pipe is labeled. The label on the smallest cannot be read properly, but from the info gained in the next panel it can be inferred for certain what it says (and this is indicated here below):]
 
:[There is a small panel to the right showing three gray pipes of different sizes leading out over a large hole in the ground. Only a part of the hole can be seen at the bottom left part of the panel, but it curves around indicating it is a large circular hole. The pipes are supported by small legs beneath them and from the end of all three thick liquids are squirting out and down into the hole. The first pipe is by far the largest; the liquid from it is white, but not as white as the background. The second pipe is by far the smallest squirting dark red liquid and the final rightmost pipe is in between and squirts our light brown liquid. Each pipe is labeled. The label on the smallest cannot be read properly, but from the info gained in the next panel it can be inferred for certain what it says (and this is indicated here below):]
Line 293: Line 293:
 
:[Big olive green]: Olive oil
 
:[Big olive green]: Olive oil
  
−
:[The panel just described is indicated to fit into a small rectangle at the top left of the next panel below. There are four lines ending at the four corners of this small rectangle, two of these are going to the two bottom corners and the other two ends on the lower part of the panel just above the small rectangle. They are indicated to go under the panel and would hit the two top corners if extrapolated. The 11 largest circles are clearly seen, but most of the other circles can also be noted. The colors are the same but any features in the original circles as well as the labels are gone. The part of the black top frame of the next panel below is faded out to gray in between the section cut off by the two lines going to the bottom corners of the panel above. This rectangle indicated the increasing size compared to the first panel above.]
+
:[The panel just described is indicated to fit into a small rectangle at the top left of the next panel below. There are four lines ending at the four corners of this small rectangle, two of these are going to the two bottom corners and the other two ends on the lower part of the panel just above the small rectangle. They are indicated to go under the panel and would hit the two top corners if extrapolated). The 11 largest circles are clearly seen, but most of the other circles can also be noted. The colors are the same but any features in the original circles as well as the labels are gone. The part of the black top frame of the next panel below is faded out to gray in between the section cut off by the two lines going to the bottom corners of the panel above. This rectangle indicated the increasing size compared to the first panel above.]
  
−
:[Apart from the insert mentioned above, the second panel follows the same layout, but with 22 circles with even larger range of sizes. The panel is more than twice as long as the first panel. Blondie is drawn at the top of the panel just left of the middle. Her hair is close to the top, just below the line going to the right corner above. There are two medium-sized and five smaller circles to her left and one small close to her head and one huge circle to her right. Her feet are less than a third down this panel standing on top of the next row of circles. In the bottom half of the panel there is a giant circle which almost touches the left side of the panel. There are smaller circles above it and down along the right side. One last circle is to the left almost at the bottom. At the very bottom is a slightly curving line to indicate a much much larger blue circle that only graces the panel (no. 23). There is a small green fish in this water to the left of the label. Below the labels are again listed as above. One label has a foot note. But it is written directly beneath the circle in which it is referenced. So it will be written together with the label on the next line. There is also one case with an arrow used to indicate where the label belongs.]
+
:[Apart from the insert mentioned above the second panel follows the same layout, but with 22 circles with even larger range of sizes. The panel is more than twice as long as the first panel. A Megan-like girl, but with white hair, is drawn at the top of the panel just left of the middle. Her hair close to the top, just below the line going to the right corner above. There are two medium and five smaller circles to her left and one small close to her head and one huge circle to her right. Her feet are less than a third down this panel standing on top of the next row of circles. In the bottom half of the panel there is a giant circle which almost touches the left side of the panel. There are smaller circles above it and down along the right side. One last circle is to the left almost at the bottom. At the very bottom is a slightly curving line to indicate a much much larger blue circle that only graces the panel (no. 23). There is a small green fish in this water to the left of the label. Below the labels are again listed as above. One label has a foot note. But it is written directly beneath the circle in which it is referenced. So it will be written together with the label on the next line. There is also one case with an arrow used to indicate where the label belongs.]
  
 
:[Medium dark gray]: Coffee
 
:[Medium dark gray]: Coffee
Line 320: Line 320:
 
:[Small gray brown]: Tea
 
:[Small gray brown]: Tea
 
:[Large gray]: Cement
 
:[Large gray]: Cement
−
:[Gracing bottom of panel light blue, with a fish inside]: Public water
+
:[Gracing bottom of panel light blue]: Public water
  
 
==Trivia==
 
==Trivia==
 
*In addition to the what if? article, the relevancy of pipelines, particularly regarding public water, is heightened due to the ongoing public health crisis in {{w|Flint, Michigan}}, caused by recent (mis-)management of their public water system.
 
*In addition to the what if? article, the relevancy of pipelines, particularly regarding public water, is heightened due to the ongoing public health crisis in {{w|Flint, Michigan}}, caused by recent (mis-)management of their public water system.
−
**See McLaughlin, Elliot. [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/18/us/flint-michigan-water-crisis-five-things/index.html 5 things to know about Flint's water crisis], '{{w|CNN}}', January 21, 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
+
**See McLaughlin, Elliot. [http://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/18/us/flint-michigan-water-crisis-five-things/index.html 5 things to know about Flint's water crisis], '{{w|CNN}}', January 21 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
−
**Studies have shown that temporary use of the Flint River as a water source caused corrosive water to leach lead from old pipes, causing lead poisoning in many residents, particularly children; other ill effects in addition to lead have been noted.
+
**Studies have shown that temporary use of the Flint River as a water source caused corrosive water to leach lead from old pipes, causing lead poisoning in many residents, particularly children; other ill effects in addition to lead have been noted.
 
**The crisis has lead to a public outcry against the state "emergency financial management" team appointed and supervised by the state executive (Gov. Rick Snyder and staff) and an outpouring of support from nearby communities such as Metro Detroit via bottled water donations to Flint residents.
 
**The crisis has lead to a public outcry against the state "emergency financial management" team appointed and supervised by the state executive (Gov. Rick Snyder and staff) and an outpouring of support from nearby communities such as Metro Detroit via bottled water donations to Flint residents.
 
*This is the third comic posted on Leap Day ({{w|February 29}}) on Monday in 2016; the previous ones were:
 
*This is the third comic posted on Leap Day ({{w|February 29}}) on Monday in 2016; the previous ones were:
−
**[[390: Nightmares]] on a Friday in 2008 and
+
**[[390: Nightmares]] on a Friday in 2008 and  
 
**[[1023: Late-Night PBS]] on a Wednesday in 2012.
 
**[[1023: Late-Night PBS]] on a Wednesday in 2012.
 
**If the current M-W-F schedule continues, the next such comic will not happen before 2036 when the leap day again falls on a Friday (Following the {{w|Solar cycle (calendar)|28 year cycle}}).
 
**If the current M-W-F schedule continues, the next such comic will not happen before 2036 when the leap day again falls on a Friday (Following the {{w|Solar cycle (calendar)|28 year cycle}}).
 
**It may also be interesting to note that the first three leap years after xkcd began (in just over 10 years) all fell on a release day, then followed by a break of 20 years.
 
**It may also be interesting to note that the first three leap years after xkcd began (in just over 10 years) all fell on a release day, then followed by a break of 20 years.
−
 
−
== References ==
 
−
<references/>
 
  
 
{{comic discussion}}
 
{{comic discussion}}
  
 
[[Category:Comics with color]]
 
[[Category:Comics with color]]
−
[[Category:Large drawings]]
 
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[[Category:Comics featuring Blondie]]
 
 
[[Category:Charts]]
 
[[Category:Charts]]
 
[[Category:Rankings]]
 
[[Category:Rankings]]
 
[[Category:Food]]
 
[[Category:Food]]
−
[[Category:Animals]]
+
[[Category:Animals]] <!--Fish in the water-->

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