Editing 2360: Common Star Types

{{comic
| number    = 2360
| date      = September 16, 2020
| title     = Common Star Types
| image     = common_star_types.png
| titletext = This article is about Eta Carinae, a luminous blue hypergiant with anomalous Fe[ii] emission spectra. For the 1998 Brad Bird film, see The Iron Giant (film).
}}

==Explanation==
This 'infographic' chart purports to be a comparative guide to various star types, often described by a basic color, which is something that even naked-eye astronomy has determined, and may be qualified as 'dwarf' or 'giant' to describe relative sizes. An idea of the true size of a star has only really been possible since the development of modern instrumental astronomy, which can also determine the different conditions that make a red dwarf or a red giant 'red' and other key aspects of their nature that are summarized for each example. See [[#Star types|table below]].

In true xkcd tradition, this is taken beyond reality. The pantheon of stars illustrated extend the use of 'dwarf' and 'giant' as if describing mythical or fictional beings, drawing upon others from the fantasy ilk with hues and shades that may not be typically described, or even encountered, by astronomers. The aspect information provided for these 'star' types is based upon the respective mythologies.

The title text is in the style of a {{w|Wikipedia}} page's hatnote / reference note. A page might have a title that is too easily landed upon by a search term that might also be expected to lead to one under a quite different subject, such as the {{w|Red Dwarf|case-sensitive example}} of "This article is about the British comedy franchise. For the type of star, see {{w|Red dwarf}}." In this case, it was written as if the page {{w|Iron Giant}} redirected to {{w|Eta Carinae}}, a large {{w|luminous blue variable}} star which has a relatively high level of {{w|Iron(II)|ferrous ions}}. Although there is a vaguely plausible reason for the star to be called an "iron giant", astronomers do not commonly use that particular name (the alternative of "{{w|iron star}}" is used for an article about hypothesized class of stellar-mass object, though the description allows that there is a separate usage that relates to Eta Carinae) and you are currently only redirected straight upon ''{{w|The Iron Giant}}'', that first movie directed by Brad Bird. This note [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eta_Carinae&oldid=978789727 was added] to Wikipedia, but quickly removed.

===Star types===
{| class="wikitable"
!Star !! Note!! Description
|-
| style="background: #f3f295;"| {{w|Yellow dwarf star|Yellow Dwarf}} || warm, stable, slowly growing || A real star type. This is the type of star that {{w|Sun|our sun}} is, with a lifespan measured in billions of years. The title "dwarf" is a misnomer, as the Sun is actually larger than most stars, but it was once thought to be smaller than average as larger stars turn out to be more visible than smaller stars over a given distance.
|-
| style="background: #d06632;"| {{w|Red giant|Red Giant}} || huge, cool, luminous || A real star type. When stars at about the Sun's size begin to run out of fusion fuel, they expand to become red giants, and the outer shells expand and cool. When our sun enters this phase in a few billion years, it will consume Mercury, Venus, and possibly the Earth.
|-
| style="background: #e6f5fc;"| {{w|White dwarf|White Dwarf}} ||small, hot, dim || A real thing, though not a true star, but a remnant of one. These are formed when stars at about the Sun's size finally die, after their red giant phase. They are extremely dense and no longer undergo nuclear fusion. They are responsible for {{w|Type Ia supernova}}, a {{w|Cosmic Distance Ladder|standard candle}} of astronomy.
|-
| style="background: #b5514f;"| {{w|Red dwarf|Red Dwarf}} ||small, cool, ancient, dim || A real star type. The most common, smallest, and coolest type of true star in the universe. ({{w|Brown dwarf|Brown dwarfs}} are smaller and cooler, but do not undergo {{w|Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain|hydrogen-hydrogen fusion}}.) These can live for trillions of years; the first red dwarfs to form in the universe are still alive today and will be alive long after the Sun reaches its end.

''{{w|Red Dwarf}}'' is also a science fiction TV series being produced in UK since 1988, named after the eponymous mining ship. This ship is ''small'' (compared to a star) and {{w|Cat_(Red_Dwarf)|one of the characters}} is indeed very ''cool'' (as in a cool cat), but ''dim''-witted (the star of the series is none too bright, either). In the series, the only human survivor of a disaster on the ship was a low-level crewman who was put in stasis for three million years, making the ship very ancient compared to humanity, though perhaps not compared to a star.
|-
| style="background: #88a577;"| Green Elf |||old, diminishes into the West || An invention of Randall's, and a reference to the elves of {{w|Tolkien's legendarium}}. Tolkien's elves are immortal but slowly diminish over time, and leave {{w|Middle-earth}} (where ''The Lord of the Rings'' is set), sailing into the West as magic fades. 
|-
| style="background: #bce1f3;"| {{w|Blue giant|Blue Giant}} ||large, hot, short-lived || A real star type. The largest class of star in the main sequence, these are highly luminous and have life spans measured in only millions of years, rather than the billions or trillions of years for other star types. 
|-
| style="background: #37cbbd;"| Teal Sphynx ||cryptic, eternal || An invention of Randall's; likely a form of the Greek {{w|Sphinx#Riddle_of_the_Sphinx|sphinx}}, which presents riddles to hapless travelers. One can only imagine what stellar riddles would be like.
|-
| style="background: #cecece;"| Gray Wizard ||wise, powerful, mercurial || An invention of Randall's, and also a reference to ''Lord of the Rings''. {{w|Gandalf the Grey}}, a wizard, is a protagonist and the main mentor figure in ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', guiding and assisting the journeys within the books, often in mysterious ways that could be described as "{{wiktionary|mercurial#Adjective|mercurial}}".  Gandalf later falls in battle and returns as Gandalf the White, much as stars (up to ~10 solar masses) will evolve into white dwarfs, but this evolution is not shown on this chart. Interestingly, the word for "wizard" in the Elvish language Quenya is ''i<u>star</u>'' (plural: ''istari'').
|-
| style="background: #6671de;"| Indigo Banshee ||bright, portentous, extremely loud || An invention of Randall's, and a reference to {{w|banshees}}, a type of Irish spirit or ghost which wails loudly at a person's death. {{w|Indigo}} may also be considered a particularly {{wiktionary|loud#Adjective|loud color}}.  May or may not be a reference to {{w|Indigo children}}, a pseudoscientific term used by some to describe children with unusual personalities or learning abilities. Could also represent a neutron star.
|-
| style="background: #ebe5cd;"| Beige Gorgon ||dangerous to observe at optical wavelengths || An invention of Randall's, and a reference to {{w|Medusa}} in {{w|Greek Mythology}}, who was one of the three Gorgons. "Dangerous to observe at optical wavelengths" refers to the property of Medusa in which anyone who gazes upon her face will turn to stone. However, seeing Medusa's reflection is safe, so [[1791: Telescopes: Refractor vs Reflector|most astronomers should be fine.]] This is probably why its color is known, unlike Medusa's, whose observers have a high mortality rate. The choice of the color "beige" for this kind of "star" may be a reference to {{w|cosmic latte}}, the "average color" of the universe.

In reality, the star {{w|Algol}} and other nearby stars in the constellation of Perseus were historically referred to as the "Gorgonea", representing Medusa's head after Perseus cut it off.  Medusa is also the namesake of {{w|Medusa Nebula|a nebula}}, {{w|NGC 4194|a pair of colliding galaxies}}, and {{w|149 Medusa|an asteroid}}.  No observers of any of these celestial bodies have been petrified.{{Citation needed}}
|}

==Transcript==
:[A chart, with ten colored circles representing stars of different colors and sizes. Each circle has a label, with a line going from the label to the circle. Below each label is a small description in smaller font. The text is listed from the top left. Above all the circles is the following heading:]
:<big>Common star types</big>

:[A small yellow star.]
:Yellow dwarf
:<small>Warm, stable, slowly-growing</small>

:[An even smaller white star.]
:White dwarf
:<small>Small, hot, dim</small>

:[A very large red-orange star squishing the previous two stars into the corners of the chart.]
:Red giant
:<small>Huge, cool, luminous</small>

:[A small red star.]
:Red dwarf
:<small>Small, cool, ancient, dim</small>

:[An olive green, medium-sized star.]
:Green elf
:<small>Old, diminishes into the west</small>

:[A fairly large pale blue star.]
:Blue giant
:<small>Large, hot, short-lived</small>

:[A blue-green, medium-sized star.]
:Teal sphynx
:<small>Cryptic, eternal</small>

:[A small silver-colored star.]
:Gray wizard
:<small>Wise, powerful, mercurial</small>

:[A tiny blue star.]
:Indigo banshee
:<small>Bright, portentous, extremely loud</small>

:[A beige, medium-sized star.]
:Beige gorgon
:<small>Dangerous to observe at optical wavelengths.</small>

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Fiction]]
[[Category:LOTR]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]